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Nh coldest winter ever download. Are New Hampshire’s Winters Warming?
This chapter summarises the climatic and environmental information that can be inferred from proxy archives of the Baltic Sea area during the past millennium years. The proxy archives mainly comprise tree-ring analyses together with historical documents on extreme weather events and weather-related disasters.
In addition to the reconstructed climate, climatic conditions are simulated using a regional climate model covering the Baltic Sea area. The chapter focuses on three of the main climatic periods of the past millennium: the Medieval Warm Period —the Transitional Period — and the Little Ice Age — During these main historical climatic periods, climatic conditions were not uniform.
Download chapter PDF. This chapter addresses climate variability in the Baltic Sea basin over the past millennium years.
Climate change at the millennial time scale was not discussed in the previous assessment of climate change in the Baltic Sea region BACC Author Team Understanding of millennial climate variability is mainly based on proxy nh coldest winter ever download see Sect. Historical notes in the form of chronicles containing information about extreme weather events, and weather-related disasters are important sources of data about climatic conditions in the past millennium.
Together with historical documents, dendroclimatology has provided much of the information on the climatic conditions of the past millennium.
Tree-ring width and wood density are the main sources of dendroclimatological data. Other proxy data are of less importance for the past millennium and are more relevant for reconstructing the climatic conditions of the Holocene as a whole.
Temperature and precipitation data for the Baltic Sea region, as reconstructed from different proxy data sets were also compared against the results of a regional climate model simulation at the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute Schimanke et al. The chapter also describes the main climatic drivers, of which solar radiation factors, atmospheric circulation patterns and volcanic eruptions appear the most important.
The most unusual weather conditions in the Baltic Sea area in each century have been described in several publications e. Rojecki ; Borisenkov and Pasetsky; Pfister; Glaser Research on millennial climate variability is mainly based on proxy data. This is because long-term instrumental measurements of nh coldest winter ever download elements usually limited to atmospheric pressureair temperature and wind were recorded at only a few stations and over a relatively short period.
The first non-regular measurements of atmospheric pressure by means of a barometer constructed by Torricelli in nh coldest winter ever download made in the period — in Clermont-Ferrand, Florence, Paris and Stockholm nh coldest winter ever download Rudloff The first regular meteorological measurements were launched in Greenwich The oldest continuous series of atmospheric pressure data for the Baltic Sea basin and surrounding areas date back to the nineteenth century: PragueOsloWarsawSt PetersburgCopenhagenStockholmBerlinUppsalaHaparanda and Helsinki The first non-regular attempts at measuring air temperature began between and in Florence and Pisa in Italy von Rudloff ; however, the longest homogenised and uninterrupted series of temperature data began in in central England Manley In the Netherlands, direct temperature measurements started in in Продолжение здесь Bilt Cowie For the Baltic Sea basin, temperature measurements were initiated around the mids, nh coldest winter ever download a denser coverage of the southern region in the late eighteenth century.
The oldest continuous observational records of temperature are from Nh coldest winter ever download Uppsala —non-regular measurements started inLund and Stockholm ; Russia: St.
Petersburg ; and Denmark: Copenhagen von Rudloff The oldest measurements of precipitation in Europe started in in Hoofddorp-Zwanenburg in the Netherlands and in in Padova in Italy. In the Baltic Sea area, the oldest precipitation station is Uppsala von Rudloff In the first half of the nineteenth century, precipitation was also measured in a few other places: WarsawPragueCopenhagenJenaDresdenHelsinki nh coldest winter ever download Berlin Historical notes in the form of chronicles containing information nh coldest winter ever download extreme weather events and weather-related disasters are important sources of data about climatic conditions of the past millennium.
In many cases, such notations are very precise as they locate events in space and time, sometimes even with an accuracy of a day. A similar weather diary for the north-eastern part of Poland was kept by Jan Antoni Chrapowicki Nowosad et al. Borisenkov and Pasetskycompiled information about climate extremes and natural disasters from Russian chronicles. Later, Glaser published the complete climate history for central Europe and Germany, covering the past years.
Together with historical documents, dendroclimatology has provided a large part of information on climatic conditions of the past millennium. Tree-ring width and wood density Ljungqvist are the main sources of dendroclimatological data. Several recent multi-proxy reconstructions were made for the northern hemisphere Jones et al. On a regional scale, the most important reconstructions based on tree-ring or multi-proxy data are for Fennoscandia Briffa et al.
Other proxy data were also applied to the millennium temperature reconstructions, nh coldest winter ever download example, peat-bog deposits Lamentowicz et al.
For northern Sweden, a summer-temperature swing christmas for the past years was achieved using pollen-stratigraphical data Bjune et al. Among other biological proxies, a few reconstructions were based on diatoms Korhola et al. These data are of less importance for reconstructing the по ссылке conditions of the past millennium and better used for reconstructing the climate of the Holocene as a whole. Proxy records are clearly useful for helping understand the spatial and temporal variability of climate change, especially over periods shorter than the millennial time frame and which fall outside the instrumental period.
Other data sets, such as long-term variability in Baltic Sea ice cover Koslowski and Glaserrunoff or oxygen conditions Hansson and Omstedt ; Hansson et al. According to the scientific literature, four читать больше periods have occurred over the past millennium Lamb; Grove ; Folland et al. The dates for the four climatic periods are approximate and may differ slightly from one geographical region to another Ljungqvist et al.
Some shorter intervals are mainly related to the changes in solar activity or large volcanic eruptions. The Contemporary Warm Period is addressed in detail in Chaps.
Reconstructed April—June AMJ precipitation totals top and summer June—August temperature anomalies bottom for central Europe with respect to — Bold lines are year вкусно!
gta 4 pc download demo free отличный filters. Periods of demographic expansion, economic win 7 ultimate sp1 free download and societal stability подробнее на этой странице noted, nh coldest winter ever download are periods nh coldest winter ever download political turmoil, cultural change and population instability.
Gouirand et al. The curves for central Europe Fig. Also, a cool episode during the MWP in the first half of the twelfth century in Fennoscandia is sharper than in central Europe. Regional-average summer June—August temperatures AD — for Fennoscandia created by merging seven reconstructions based on seven networks Gouirand et al. The time series is extended to year with instrumental data. Data are shown as smoothed Gaussian filtered temperatures, highlighting variability on timescales longer than 10 years thin black30 years thick dark nh coldest winter ever download and years thick light grey.
The dashed horizontal line is the average for the entire period. Mean January—April air temperature for the period — Fig. The climatic history for Poland over the past millennium was reconstructed by Przybylak and more comprehensively by Przybylak et al. Tree-ring reconstruction of January—April air temperature indicates three relatively cool periods: —, — and — Fig.
The peak temperature of an exceptionally warm episode occurring — is адрес страницы lower than indicated by other reconstructions for central Europe compare Fig. Cold anomalies for winter temperature in Poland Fig.
A cool period at the final phase of the LIA in the first half of the nineteenth century is also found in a reconstruction based on the full depth of ground temperature in boreholes Majorowicz et al. Reconstructed mean January—April air temperature in Poland for the period — using nh coldest winter ever download standardised chronology of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. Przybylak Climate change during the past millennium over the Baltic Sea region was simulated by the Swedish Meteorological and Посмотреть еще Institute using a regional climate model Schimanke et al.
RCA3 includes radiative forcing, changes in orbital parameters, changes nh coldest winter ever download greenhouse gas concentration and atmospheric circulation. Results were presented as year running means; air temperature is largely underestimated Schimanke et al.
The 2-m temperature anomaly with regard to the preindustrial mean — for the winter DJFsummer JJA and annual mean averaged over the Baltic Sea region. The darker colours reflect the year periods which are considered for the analysis of the Baltic Sea.
After Schimanke et al. The variability in annual and winter temperature anomalies for the Baltic Sea region presented in Fig. This shows some agreement with the reconstructed winter temperatures for the greater Baltic Sea area Eriksson et al. A large discrepancy is visible in the first half of the eighteenth century when the reconstructed winter temperature anomaly is greatest in the LIA, while the model simulation indicates a warm episode nearwhich Eriksson et al.
Reconstructing past precipitation using proxy measurements is more difficult than for temperature and is only possible for parts of the year. There is no nh coldest winter ever download of reconstructing annual precipitation data from proxy data.
Warm and dry summers are typical during the MWP — The onset of the TP in the latter half of the thirteenth century is indicated by cooler and wetter summers. Total precipitation between April and June over the past millennium in central Europe is presented in Figs. Annual precipitation simulated in the Baltic Sea catchment area by a regional climate model Schimanke et al.
The annual precipitation data cannot be compared with the reconstructed data for April—June. However, the very dry period in the latter half of the fifteenth century is marked in both precipitation series. The variability смотрите подробнее river runoff to the Baltic Sea follows changes in precipitation. However, the simulation of river runoff for the period — by Hansson et al.
Annual precipitation in the Baltic Sea catchment area green nh coldest winter ever download statistical estimated runoff blue as year running means. At the turn of the tenth and eleventh centuries, relatively stable climate conditions with few extremes prevailed in the Baltic Sea basin and the surrounding parts of Europe.
Hot and dry summers were noted in andrespectively. In Europe, the warmest conditions occurred between andand the MWP ended about Borisenkov and Pasetsky Chernavskaya reconstructed the June temperature changes in European Russia over the past two millennia based on pollen узнать больше здесь in peat bogs.
Data from Polistovo Two periods of strong cooling occurred in the middle of the twelfth century and at the end of the fourteenth century. On the East European Plain, summer temperatures during the MWP were nh coldest winter ever download to be above the long-term average between and Klimenko and Solomina For Fennoscandia Fig. Even warmer summer periods were noted in the late twelfth century, succeeding the extreme cool summers in the mid-twelfth century.
Recent investigations of Fennoscandia by Ljungqvist showed that the MWP occurred between and The start of the warming was noted between the ninth and tenth centuries, and the peak temperature appeared at the beginning of the second half of the twelfth century.
In a winter temperature simulation over the Baltic Sea region Schimanke et al.
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